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Confucian morality: the principle of wide public good
Author: Zhao Shangqing (Assistant in the Department of Philosophy, Yuelu Book Academy, Hunan University)
Source: “History of Chinese Philosophy” Issue 4, 2021
Abstract: This article is based on Lusso The “public will” of Kant’s “ethical formula”, Confucius’ “ethical laws” and Zhu Xi’s “nature principles” were communicated, and proposed the principle of broad public goodness as Confucian ethics, and believed that it has two levels: meaning and broad meaning: meaning is the principle of broad public goodness in humans; broad meaning is the principle of broad public goodness in the universe. The unrestrained will published by the broad public good principles is not the absolute unrestrained will of 大官网Kant has no material motor, but the relatively unrestrained will without any disagreement. Confucianism not only emphasizes that morality is not restricted, but also emphasizes that the center of gravity is not restricted.
Keywords: The principle of universal public good, the law of nature, Confucius, Zhu Zi
1. The principle of universal public good
(I). The principle of universal public good
1. The object of human desire. It contains specific material benefits and abstract value benefits. Although the specific material benefits vary greatly, it contains human-like power and therefore has a wide range of value, as a value that can satisfy human needs. As Marx said, “As value, all commodities are just a certain amount of condensation time”, “Application value or wealth has value, but Because there are abstract humans to be objectified or materialized in it. ”1 The value of abstract is not a specific material good as the object of desire, but a human abstract value need, such as respect, unrestrainedness, etc. They are human needs, because they are abstract value, and they have a broad nature.
2. “Public” is not a good intersection. Public is not a close intersection in science, it is a sum of individual good things, that is, a sum of good things that do not conflict with people. The public here does not need to be related to the concept of coordination, because moral behavior and coordination can exist. Therefore, the public good that cannot be complete is equivalent to the cooperative good and collective good, but the cooperative good and collective good can be included in the public good. In reality, people often belong to a certain cooperative body. When the behavior of the cooperative member touches the benefits of other cooperative members, the benefits of other cooperative members must be included. The principle of wide public good requires that the public good of large levels precedes the public good of small levels in order to achieve wide differences in the benefits in the middle levels.
3. “Broad” includesThree levels: First, broad is broad and diverse, without conflict. The general good is the sum of justice and justice for people. No conflict means that everyone is willing, that is, the general public benefit is a benefit of everyone being willing to act as a motor, that is, there is a wide divergence on the motor; at the same time, no conflict is a result of the behavior of everyone being willing to act as a general public benefit principle. As a law, the principle of wide public good is not pointed out what the specific one is. It is just a motor that regulates behavior, that is, acts in accordance with the principle of wide public good, and then leads to wide differences in the operational good, and thus does not have any conflicting and wide differences in the results. Secondly, broad is broad and useful, and broad public good principles are useful to everyone. The principle of wide public goodness actually shows the right and fair goodness of all people. It is like natural laws and has a broad and certainty. If humans do not act in accordance with the principle of wide public goodness, they will definitely cause various conflicts. Although human sentiment is infinite, people cannot accurately understand what a broad public benefit is at any time, but this does not affect the broad usefulness of the broad public benefit principle. Finally, broad is broad and broad. The principle of wide public good, it is an emotional law, similar to Kant’s formula of character and law. Although a specific behavior can only touch the favors of the department, when applied to the principle of broad public favors, its broad energy is a relatively broad, that is, it can refer to a relatively broad nature from two people to all people. This is “one reason but different”. Kant’s formula for character and law is an abstract generality, while the principle of general public good is a specific generality under specific time and space conditions.
So, the general public good is the sum of the fair good for all people, and it is a result of human actions in accordance with the principles of general public good for others to resolve good things except for personal differences.
Public public good principles: You should act like this so that the actions you are willing to be suitable for the broad public good principles.
The general public good principle has two levels: in theory, it is the general public good principle of humans; in theory, it is the general public good principle of the universe.
(II), Luso’s public opinion and the principle of widespread public favor
The focus of Luso’s political thinking is to discuss how to establish a republic and how to legislate for the republic. The most basic goal of legislation is to ensure that people are unrestrained after entering social conditions. Lusso said: “‘To find a combination of circumstances so that it can protect and protect the personal and wealth of each combiner with all the energy of coordination, and because of this combination, each individual who is combined with the whole is just obedient.From itself, and still as unrestrained as before. ’This is the most basic problem that social contracts need to be solved. ”2 Lusso strives to unite rights and interests, righteousness and utilitarianism: “I will try my best to combine the requests for rights and interests that are allowed to be requested so that justice and utilitarianism will not be disagreeable”. [3] proposed the concept of “public will” and believed that public will be the highest guiding principle of coordination: “Each of us is placed under the highest guiding principle of public will with our own and all our energy, and we accept every member in the coordination as a part of the entire community. ”【4】Public opinion is the goal of national creation. The characteristics of public opinion are equal, fair, and always correct, because it is based on public good, and it is actually a moral personality. Through social contracts, the people are broken down into cooperation, and the most basic law of cooperation is public opinion: “The first decree derived from social contracts is also a truly basic law, that is, everyone should rely on the greatest happiness of the whole body in everything. ”【5】
Public will is the act of a decree, a broad will, “it is the unique norm of all other wills. ”【6】“As long as a number of people think they are a collective, they can only have one will, which is related to the preservation of cooperation and public happiness. ”【7】Public will is the norm that all individual will should follow. It can be said that public will be a broad will. Public will is the law, and broad will is the concept of moral law is about to emerge. 【8
The principle of universal public good is the moral law, its Another statement is that you should eliminate your own selfish desires (injust good things), that is, the cheap and sweetness mentioned by Confucianism. The result of eliminating selfish desires from the principle of broad public good is that it is the broad public good, which is consistent with Lusso’s public opinion: “Public intention is always fair, and always based on public good. …There are always great differences between public intention and public intention; public intention only focuses on the public’s good, while public intention focuses on the private’s good, and public intention is only the sum of a different will. However, except for the loss of these negatively offsetting departments in the net evaluation, the rest of the rest is still public opinion. ”【9】Lussau said clearly that public opinion is only “except the departments that are positively offset by the loss of these other wills”. Therefore, all the fairness and good things of individuals are included in the public opinion. Public opinion is the summary of the remaining personal justice and good things after the lost of the lost and bad things of individuals. The principle of broad public good is the same as that of Lusau’s public opinion, only the differences of people are eliminated.It is the sum of the good things that all people have. Therefore, Lusso’s public opinion is the principle of broad public good, although its importance is still just a concept of political philosophy, not a concept of moral philosophy.
The expression of moral character in morality is one: You should act like this so that the actions you are willing to be in line with the applicable public good principles.
(III), the principles of universal public favors in humanity and Confucius’ moral
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